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          大型建筑物健康监测丨 桥梁上部结构的试验模态验证        </h1>
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        <p style="text-align:center"><img src="/upload_files/2026-01/1769759680109976.png" title="1769759680109976.png" alt="640.png"/></p><p style="background: white; text-indent: 2em;"><span style="color: #18191b;font-size: 14px;font-family: 微软雅黑, ">随着人们对基础设施的安全性关注度越来越高，对现有结构的安全评估和剩余使用寿命预测提出了挑战。可靠的、技术上可行的和经济的健康监测解决方案是保证结构安全和满足用途的必要条件，是获得有关结构损伤过程和当前结构特性的有用信息的关键前提。</span></p><p style="background: white; text-indent: 2em;"><span style="color: #18191b;font-size: 14px;font-family: 微软雅黑, "><br/></span></p><p style="margin-top: auto; margin-bottom: auto; background: white; text-indent: 2em;"><span style="color: #18191b;font-size: 14px;font-family: 微软雅黑, ">卡尔斯鲁厄理工大学的钢筋混凝土和建筑材料系，正在开发基于模态的桥梁上部结构健康监测系统解决方案，这是ZIM合作项目“基于模态的桥梁上部结构损伤分析和监测系统的开发项目”的一部分。与所有结构一样，桥梁在受到激励时也表现出振动特性，这些特性可以用模态参数如特征频率和特征模态来描述。</span></p><p style="margin-top: auto; margin-bottom: auto; background: white; text-indent: 2em;"><span style="color: #18191b;font-size: 14px;font-family: 微软雅黑, "><br/></span></p><p style="margin-top: auto; margin-bottom: auto; background: white; text-indent: 2em;"><span style="color: #18191b;font-size: 14px;letter-spacing: 1.5px;line-height: 1.57em;font-family: 微软雅黑, ">基于模态的监测系统的基本构想是结构的破坏过程伴随着其刚度的变化，这反过来导致模态参数出现可测量变化。模态参数、特征频率和特征模态可以被测量和表征，从而获得有关桥梁状况、承载能力和剩余使用寿命等深入信息。</span></p><p style="margin-top: auto; margin-bottom: auto; background: white; text-indent: 2em;"><br/></p><p></p><section><section><section><section><h2 style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;font-size: 16px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;line-height: 1.6;visibility: visible;"><span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;visibility: visible;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-family: 微软雅黑, "><strong style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;color: inherit;caret-color: red;text-indent: 2em;font-size: 18px;visibility: visible;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;text-decoration-style: solid;text-decoration-color: #333333;visibility: visible;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-family: 微软雅黑, "><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; text-align: center; text-indent: 32px; visibility: visible; font-family: sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;</strong></span></strong><strong style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;color: inherit;caret-color: red;text-indent: 2em;font-size: 18px;visibility: visible;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;text-decoration-style: solid;text-decoration-color: #333333;visibility: visible;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-family: 微软雅黑, "><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; text-align: center; text-indent: 32px; visibility: visible; font-family: sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">&nbsp;试验搭建</strong></span></strong></span></h2></section></section></section></section><p style="background: white; text-indent: 2em;"><span style="color: #18191b;font-size: 14px;letter-spacing: 1.5px;line-height: 1.57em;font-family: 微软雅黑, ">在Mareike Kohm的指导下，在卡尔斯鲁厄的材料与测试系进行了组件测试，用于模态验证和基于模态的健康监测系统测试。使用一个6.5米长的简单钢筋混凝土横梁作为被测的桥梁模型。钢筋混凝土横梁在试验开始时完好无损，在试验过程中被液压缸逐渐破坏，请参见图1。</span></p><p style="background: white; text-indent: 2em;"><span style="color: #18191b;font-size: 14px;letter-spacing: 1.5px;line-height: 1.57em;font-family: 微软雅黑, "><br/></span></p><p style="margin-top: auto; margin-bottom: auto; background: white; text-indent: 2em;"><span style="color: #18191b;font-size: 14px;letter-spacing: 1.5px;line-height: 1.57em;font-family: 微软雅黑, ">钢筋混凝土横梁在中心弯曲拉应力作用下产生裂缝，这会通过人工和GOM Aramis光学测量系统进行记录，用于后续评估。使用Semex-Engcon的MEMS加速度计记录25个测点的加速度时域数据，用于计量测试和模态参数验证。Polytec多点式激光测振仪(MPV-800系统)的4个光学单元上有27个光学头，共27个测点，这其中包括25个相同测点和支撑轴上的2个额外测点，以检查和验证加速度计的测试结果。</span></p><p style="text-align:center"><img src="/upload_files/2026-01/1769759706112760.png" title="1769759706112760.png" alt="640 (1).png"/></p><p style="text-align: center;">图1：试验设置。MPV光学头(安装在Bosch台面上方)和MEMS传感器(钢筋混凝土横梁上的绿色物体)。</p><p><br/></p><p style="background: white; text-indent: 2em;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: #18191b;font-family: 微软雅黑, ">MPV多点式激光测振仪基于激光多普勒振动测量原理，非接触式测量物体振动。MPV的每个光学单元包含有八个光学头，能同时获取测试数据，因此，MPV尤其适用于测试不可重复事件，比如损坏。两个来自Luna Technologies(由Polytec公司代理)的Fabry-Perot光纤传感器(OS)也被用作加速度计，以进一步验证测试数据。</span></p><p style="background: white; text-indent: 2em;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: #18191b;font-family: 微软雅黑, "><br/></span></p><p style="margin-top: auto; margin-bottom: auto; background: white; text-indent: 2em;"><span style="color: #18191b;font-size: 14px;font-family: 微软雅黑, ">使用一个简单的手动橡胶力锤在横梁的两个位置上进行激励，然后采用频域分解法确定模态参数。这种方法是工作模态分析中使用的方法之一，其中模态参数仅根据结构的振动响应来评估。此时，激励力可以不用测量。当转换到真实的桥梁结构时，这意味着我们可以使用交通、风和微振动等天然不可测量的激励源，无需中断交通就可完成监测测试。</span></p><p style="margin-top: auto; margin-bottom: auto; background: white; text-indent: 2em;"><span style="color: #18191b;font-size: 14px;font-family: 微软雅黑, "><br/></span></p><p style="margin-top: auto; margin-bottom: auto; background: white; text-indent: 2em;"><span style="color: #18191b;font-size: 14px;font-family: 微软雅黑, ">传感器在钢筋混凝土横梁上的定位如图1和图2所示。</span></p><p style="text-align:center"><img src="/upload_files/2026-01/1769759751969247.png" title="1769759751969247.png" alt="640 (2).png"/></p><p style="text-align:center;background: white;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: #18191b;font-family: 微软雅黑, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;;">图2：试验装置方案</span><span style="color: rgb(24, 25, 27); font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br/> <br/> </span></p><p style="background: white; text-indent: 2em;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: #18191b;letter-spacing: 1.5px;line-height: 1.57em;font-family: 微软雅黑, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;;">MPV的27个光学头与钢筋混凝土横梁的顶部对齐(见图3)，并连接到几个组装好的Bosch型材上。四个光学单元的27个光学头全部在1D模式下工作。OS测量系统连接到两个横向测点上，与MEMS传感器相同高度。每个系统的所有测点均同步获取，以便将MEMS与MPV系统进行比较和验证。MPV-800的所有通道均是同步采集测试数据，最多可同时采集48个通道数据，正是为本次测试任务而开发。</span></p><p style="text-align:center"><img src="/upload_files/2026-01/1769759958101146.png" title="1769759958101146.png" alt="640 (3).png"/></p><p style="text-align:center;background: white;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: #18191b;font-family: 微软雅黑, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;;">图3：上图左侧为测试流程，右侧为橡胶力锤在激励位置1处激励(一阶特征模态振幅最大值)</span></p><p style="text-align:center;background: white;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: #18191b;font-family: 微软雅黑, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;;"><br/></span></p><p><section><section><section><section><h2 style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;font-size: 16px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;line-height: 1.6;visibility: visible;"><span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;visibility: visible;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-family: 微软雅黑, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;;"><strong style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;color: inherit;caret-color: red;text-indent: 2em;font-size: 18px;visibility: visible;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;text-decoration-style: solid;text-decoration-color: #333333;visibility: visible;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-family: 微软雅黑, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; text-align: center; text-indent: 32px; visibility: visible; font-family: sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;</strong></span></strong><strong style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;color: inherit;caret-color: red;text-indent: 2em;font-size: 18px;visibility: visible;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;text-decoration-style: solid;text-decoration-color: #333333;visibility: visible;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-family: 微软雅黑, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; text-align: center; text-indent: 32px; visibility: visible; font-family: sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">&nbsp;测试方法</strong></span></strong></span></h2></section></section></section></section></p><p style="margin-top: auto; margin-bottom: auto; background: white; text-indent: 2em;"><span style="color: #18191b;font-size: 14px;text-indent: 2em;font-family: 微软雅黑, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;;"></span></p><p style="margin-top: auto; margin-bottom: auto; background: white; text-indent: 2em;"><span style="color: #18191b;font-size: 14px;text-indent: 2em;font-family: 微软雅黑, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;;">通过MPV、MEMS和OS三种测量系统，在指定的触发阈值下，每个位置测试10次。为了获得时域内的振动衰减，采样时间为15s。每个激励点(Pos. 1和Pos. 2)的第一系列测试是在液压缸加载之前进行的，此系列测量值被视为横梁未经损坏的参考状态，在下文中称为BE00。在每个完整的激励位置测量后，钢筋混凝土横梁通过位于测试梁中间的液压缸进行加载和卸载。橡胶力锤对试验横梁的激励始终在空载状态下进行。记录16个应力值，直到钢筋混凝土横梁失效。</span></p><p style="margin-top: auto; margin-bottom: auto; background: white; text-indent: 2em;"><br/></p><p><section><section><section><section><h2 style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;font-size: 16px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;line-height: 1.6;visibility: visible;"><span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;visibility: visible;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-family: 微软雅黑, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;;"><strong style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;color: inherit;caret-color: red;text-indent: 2em;font-size: 18px;visibility: visible;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;text-decoration-style: solid;text-decoration-color: #333333;visibility: visible;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-family: 微软雅黑, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; text-align: center; text-indent: 32px; visibility: visible; font-family: sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;</strong></span></strong><strong style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;color: inherit;caret-color: red;text-indent: 2em;font-size: 18px;visibility: visible;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;text-decoration-style: solid;text-decoration-color: #333333;visibility: visible;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;font-family: 微软雅黑, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; outline: 0px; max-width: 100%; text-align: center; text-indent: 32px; visibility: visible; font-family: sans-serif; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">&nbsp;使用FDD方法评估测振仪数据和MEMS传感器的特征频率</strong></span></strong></span></h2></section></section></section></section></p><p style="background: white; text-indent: 2em;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: #18191b;font-family: 微软雅黑, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;;">使用MPV多点式激光测振仪进行评估，从一开始(BE00:未损坏状态下的测试)就可以清晰地显示时域和频域测试数据，包括MPV软件中的共振频率和相应振型。对于另外两个传感器系统而言，它们无法在现场以图形方式显示响应频谱和特征模态，这些必须在数据后处理中进行评估。图4显示了BE00的时域数据和BE00的第一阶到第三阶特征模态(第一阶特征频率11 Hz，第二阶特征频率45 Hz，第三阶特征频率92 Hz)。</span></p><p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: #18191b;font-family: 微软雅黑, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;;"><img src="/upload_files/2026-01/1769760017684377.png" title="1769760017684377.png" alt="640 (4).png"/></span></p><p style="background: white; text-indent: 2em;"></p><p style="text-align:center;background: white;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: #18191b;font-family: 微软雅黑, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;;">图4：从上往下：BE00 Pos1时域振动速度测试/ BE00 Pos1 10 Hz一阶特征模态/ BE00 Pos1 45 Hz二阶特征模态/ BE00 Pos1 92 Hz三阶特征模态</span></p><p><section><p style="text-align:center;background:white;"><br/></p></section><section><section><section><section><section><section><section><span style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;color: #000000;"><strong style="margin: 0px;padding: 0px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">结论与展望</strong></span></section></section></section></section></section><section><section><section><p style="text-align: left; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; max-inline-size: 100%; cursor: text; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 17px; caret-color: rgb(255, 0, 0); text-indent: 2em; font-family: 微软雅黑, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; outline: none 0px !important; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br/></p><p style="text-align: left; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; max-inline-size: 100%; cursor: text; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 17px; caret-color: rgb(255, 0, 0); text-indent: 2em; font-family: 微软雅黑, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; outline: none 0px !important; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.71em;"><span style="color: rgb(24, 25, 27); text-indent: 2em; background-color: transparent; font-family: 微软雅黑, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;;">总体而言，这三种传感器并没有明显的差异。作为验证系统，MPV-800多点式激光测振仪可以验证MEMS传感器(监测系统)的结果。</span></strong></p><p style="text-align: left; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; max-inline-size: 100%; cursor: text; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 17px; caret-color: rgb(255, 0, 0); text-indent: 2em; font-family: 微软雅黑, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; outline: none 0px !important; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.71em;"><span style="color: rgb(24, 25, 27); text-indent: 2em; background-color: transparent; font-family: 微软雅黑, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;;"><br/></span></strong></p><p style="text-align: left; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; max-width: 100%; clear: both; min-height: 1em; max-inline-size: 100%; cursor: text; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 17px; caret-color: rgb(255, 0, 0); text-indent: 2em; font-family: 微软雅黑, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;, sans-serif; outline: none 0px !important; box-sizing: border-box !important; overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.71em;"><span style="color: rgb(24, 25, 27); text-indent: 2em; background-color: transparent; font-family: 微软雅黑, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;;">因此，MPV-800具有与接触式传感器相同的测量精度，同时具有非接触式和测量方式灵活等诸多优势，避免了测量系统对测量结果本身造成任何影响，它获取的是被测结构真实的动力学特性。</span></strong></p></section></section></section></section></section></p><p style="background: white; text-indent: 2em;"><span style="font-size: 14px;color: #18191b;font-family: 微软雅黑, &quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;;"><br/></span><br/></p><p><br/></p>      </div>
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