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          论振动在蜜蜂觅偶过程中的作用        </h1>
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        2021-02-13        </span> <span class="p_10">浏览：
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        <section><section><p style="text-align: center; max-inline-size: 100%; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; cursor: text; text-indent: 0em; box-sizing: border-box !important; outline: none 0px !important;"><img style="box-sizing: border-box; height: auto !important; visibility: visible !important; width: 378px !important;" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/jv4sXPkdTelZpA1tzXUqfwvUcwKILMAzNbCNbCjNFy7oTTcac1kOWibdK6e4iaQD1RXDOpehL2eA691Bn373ACJQ/640?wxfrom=13&tp=wxpic#imgIndex=3" class="" alt="图片"/></p><section><p style="text-align:left;text-indent: 2em;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">在自然界中，雌性在寻找配偶时往往很挑剔。本文旨在研究雄蜂的振动是否是雌蜂选择交配对象的影响因素之一。这里，我们使用了激光测振仪研究雄蜂在交配期间的振动。研究发现，雌蜂对雄蜂在交配前的某些振动特性表现出一种偏好，这种特性表现为振动时间明显更长，而振动间隔更短。可能对于雌蜂而言，振动意味着力量，它们以此来确保自己所选的配偶健壮而富有活力。</span></p><p style="text-align:left;text-indent: 2em;"><br/></p><p style="text-align:left;text-indent: 2em;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">在动物界，由雌性来决定交配权的现象很普遍。理论表明，如果一方对后代投入更多，那么它就会通过选择最佳配偶来最大化自身的繁殖能力。雌性对后代的付出通常比雄性要多，在接受雄性交配之前，它们会利用雄性的各种特征，如颜色、尺寸、交配鸣声或气味来评估雄性的质量。</span><span style="font-size: 14px;text-indent: 2em;">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;</span></p><p style="text-align:left;text-indent: 2em;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">各种蜂群(大黄蜂、无刺蜂和蜜蜂)均使用胸腔振动来沟通交流、收集花粉和防卫防御。</span></p><p style="text-align:left;text-indent: 2em;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">尽管人们已经知道一些物种在交配时会发出振动信号，而有关振动信号在蜂群交配行为中所起作用的研究却甚少。蜂群振动时翅膀肌肉进行收缩，而翅膀保持不动。肌肉收缩使胸腔变硬，从而使振动频率更高。</span></p><p style="text-align:left;text-indent: 2em;"><br/></p><p style="text-align:left;text-indent: 2em;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">红毛蜜蜂是一种广泛分布在中欧和北欧的独居蜂。在求偶前期，雄蜂以拥抱姿势趴在雌蜂背上，并采取一系列行为来说服雌蜂同意交配：如振动胸腔、与雌蜂进行身体摩擦、反复伸出触角覆于雌蜂触角之上、将前腿放在雌蜂的复眼上等。在这过程中，雌蜂可能会将雄蜂从身上甩下来以示拒绝，但雌蜂到底是根据雄蜂的哪种行为来选择配偶，我们仍不得而知。</span></p><p style="text-align:left;text-indent: 2em;"><br/></p><p style="text-align:left;text-indent: 2em;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">这里，我们分析的是当雄蜂以拥抱姿势趴在雌蜂背上后，雌蜂是否以雄蜂的振动作为同意交配的标准。</span></p><p style="text-indent:28px;"><br/></p><section><section><section><section><h3 style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; cursor: text; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box !important; outline: none 0px !important;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong style="color: inherit;caret-color: red;font-size: 18px;"><span style="text-decoration-style: solid; text-decoration-color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><strong style="text-align: center;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);text-indent: 32px;font-family: sans-serif;">方法和材料</strong></span></strong></span><br/></h3><h3 style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; cursor: text; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box !important; outline: none 0px !important;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong style="max-inline-size: 100%;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box !important;outline: none 0px !important;cursor: text;color: inherit;caret-color: red;font-size: 18px;"><span style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; cursor: text; text-decoration-style: solid; text-decoration-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); box-sizing: border-box !important; outline: none 0px !important;"><strong style="max-inline-size: 100%;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;cursor: text;text-align: center;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);text-indent: 32px;box-sizing: border-box !important;outline: none 0px !important;font-family: sans-serif;"></strong></span></strong></span></h3><h3 style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; cursor: text; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box !important; outline: none 0px !important;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong style="max-inline-size: 100%;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box !important;outline: none 0px !important;cursor: text;color: inherit;caret-color: red;font-size: 18px;"><span style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; cursor: text; text-decoration-style: solid; text-decoration-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); box-sizing: border-box !important; outline: none 0px !important;"><strong style="max-inline-size: 100%;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;cursor: text;text-align: center;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);text-indent: 32px;box-sizing: border-box !important;outline: none 0px !important;font-family: sans-serif;"></strong></span></strong></span></h3></section></section></section></section><p style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; cursor: text; text-indent: 28px; box-sizing: border-box !important; outline: none 0px !important;"><br/></p><p style="text-align:left;text-indent: 24px;"><strong>本次试验简介</strong></p><p style="text-align:left;text-indent: 24px;"><br/></p><p style="text-align:left;text-indent: 28px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">被测对象：蜜蜂，雄蜂和雌蜂分别置于不同的木质捕捉巢内</span></p><p style="text-align:left;text-indent: 28px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">测试地点：德国乌尔姆大学某楼顶</span></p><p style="text-align:left;text-indent: 28px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">测试时间：白天</span></p><p style="text-align:left;text-indent: 28px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">测试温度：室温</span></p><p style="text-align:left;text-indent: 28px;"><br/></p><p style="text-align:left;text-indent: 28px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">配对时，将1只雌蜂引入一个大约有40只雄蜂的飞行笼中，这些雄蜂来自多个捕捉巢。一旦两只蜜蜂达成交配前准备(雄蜂以拥抱姿势趴在雌蜂背上，其它雄蜂撤退)，就将这对蜜蜂取出，放入一个塑料盒子内(40 × 20 × 10cm)。</span></p><p style="text-align:left;"><br/></p><p style="text-align:left;text-indent: 28px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">使用激光测振仪(Polytec公司的PDV-100)采集雄蜂在交配前的胸腔振动，PDV-100连接内置采样率44.1kHz的32位声卡并装有Soundforge 8.0软件的笔记本电脑。随后，将测试数据导入至Avisoft SasLab Pro进行分析。在所有雄蜂的胸腔上标记一个白点，以增强反光强度。</span></p><p style="text-align:left;text-indent: 28px;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">（注：PDV-100已全新升级成<strong>VibroGo</strong>，各项性能均有大幅提升）</span></p><p style="text-align:left;text-indent: 28px;"><br/></p><p style="text-align:left;text-indent: 28px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">我们分别记录被接受雄蜂（被雌蜂允许交配）和被拒绝雄蜂的胸腔振动特性并加以比较。因为雄蜂在记录过程中偶尔会移动位置，激光束与蜜蜂之间的角度也会发生变化，因此我们无法比较雄蜂的胸腔振幅。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 0em;"><br/></p><section><section><section><section><h3 style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; cursor: text; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box !important; outline: none 0px !important;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong style="color: inherit;caret-color: red;font-size: 18px;"><span style="text-decoration-style: solid; text-decoration-color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"><strong style="text-align: center;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);text-indent: 32px;font-family: sans-serif;">测量结果</strong></span></strong></span></h3><h3 style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; cursor: text; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box !important; outline: none 0px !important;"><strong style="color: inherit;caret-color: red;font-size: 18px;font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="text-decoration-style: solid;text-decoration-color: #333333;"><strong style="text-align: center;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);text-indent: 32px;font-family: sans-serif;"></strong></span></strong></h3><h3 style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; cursor: text; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box !important; outline: none 0px !important;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong style="max-inline-size: 100%;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box !important;outline: none 0px !important;cursor: text;color: inherit;caret-color: red;font-size: 18px;"><span style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; cursor: text; text-decoration-style: solid; text-decoration-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); box-sizing: border-box !important; outline: none 0px !important;"><strong style="max-inline-size: 100%;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;cursor: text;text-align: center;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);text-indent: 32px;box-sizing: border-box !important;outline: none 0px !important;font-family: sans-serif;"></strong></span></strong></span></h3><h3 style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; cursor: text; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box !important; outline: none 0px !important;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong style="max-inline-size: 100%;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;box-sizing: border-box !important;outline: none 0px !important;cursor: text;color: inherit;caret-color: red;font-size: 18px;"><span style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; cursor: text; text-decoration-style: solid; text-decoration-color: rgb(51, 51, 51); box-sizing: border-box !important; outline: none 0px !important;"><strong style="max-inline-size: 100%;margin: 0px;padding: 0px;cursor: text;text-align: center;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);text-indent: 32px;box-sizing: border-box !important;outline: none 0px !important;font-family: sans-serif;"></strong></span></strong></span></h3></section></section></section></section><p style="text-align: left; max-inline-size: 100%; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; cursor: text; text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box !important; outline: none 0px !important;"><br/></p><p style="text-align: left; max-inline-size: 100%; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; cursor: text; text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box !important; outline: none 0px !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">通过数据分析我们可以看到，雄蜂胸腔振动有1~ 9段(持续振动)，每段包含大约10 - 220次爆发式脉冲振动（图1）。交配前，被接受的雄蜂的爆发脉冲振动持续时间明显长于被拒绝的雄蜂（图2），而且爆发脉冲的时间间隔似乎更短，但差异不是很明显（图3）。</span><br/></p><p style="text-align: left; max-inline-size: 100%; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; cursor: text; text-indent: 2em; box-sizing: border-box !important; outline: none 0px !important;"><br/></p><p style="text-align:center"><img style="box-sizing: border-box; max-inline-size: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; z-index: -1; cursor: pointer; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); outline: none 0px !important; height: auto !important; visibility: visible !important; width: 509px !important;" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/jv4sXPkdTelZpA1tzXUqfwvUcwKILMAzaCtN817zjVtJu44AEW4HVAtnO6FecmzOOTz423sXYtzgyXoXDH5mhQ/640?tp=wxpic&wxfrom=10005&wx_lazy=1#imgIndex=4" class="" alt="图片"/></p><p style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; cursor: text; text-indent: 28px; box-sizing: border-box !important; outline: none 0px !important;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"></span><br/></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">图1：蜜蜂胸腔振动记录图</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px;">上半部：被拒绝雄蜂；下半部：被接受雄蜂</span></p><span style="font-size: 12px;">被接受雄蜂的爆发脉冲振动持续时间要长于被拒绝雄蜂，而且爆发脉冲的间隔时间更短</span><p style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><img style="box-sizing: border-box; height: auto !important; visibility: visible !important; width: 520px !important;" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/jv4sXPkdTelZpA1tzXUqfwvUcwKILMAznURYWNF0wAl4T0hDZhCrKrcOeZzvsHBYZVCOjbATdyebh14adncEXQ/640?tp=wxpic&wxfrom=10005&wx_lazy=1#imgIndex=5" class="" alt="图片"/></span></p><p style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; cursor: text; text-indent: 0em; box-sizing: border-box !important; outline: none 0px !important;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"></span><br/></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">图2：被接受和被拒绝雄蜂的爆发脉冲长度</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px;">被拒绝雄蜂数量=11，被接受雄蜂数量=12，</span><span style="font-size: 12px;">两组数据差异明显</span></p><p style="text-align:center"><img style="box-sizing: border-box; height: auto !important; visibility: visible !important; width: 524px !important;" src="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/jv4sXPkdTelZpA1tzXUqfwvUcwKILMAzcpFWdfsT0DyLyOYxRIgzrzHf4dY0scqFbxoh6ib11yLicGjJ9Tdtcm4w/640?tp=wxpic&wxfrom=10005&wx_lazy=1#imgIndex=6" class="" alt="图片"/></p><p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12px;">图3：被接受和被拒绝雄蜂的爆发脉冲间隔</span></p><p><span style="font-size: 12px;">被拒绝雄蜂数量=11，被接受雄蜂数量=12，</span><span style="font-size: 12px;">两组数据差异不明显</span></p><p><br/></p><section><section><section><section><h3 style="max-inline-size: 100%; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; cursor: text; font-size: 16px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.6; box-sizing: border-box !important; outline: none 0px !important;"><strong style="color: inherit;caret-color: red;font-size: 18px;font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="text-decoration-style: solid;text-decoration-color: #333333;"><strong style="text-align: center;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);text-indent: 32px;font-family: sans-serif;">论雄蜂振动的重要性</strong></span></strong></h3></section></section></section></section><p style="text-align:left;text-indent: 28px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">我们通过一系列持续振动段来描述雄蜂的振动特性。研究结果很清楚地表明雌蜂更喜欢与振动爆发时间较长的雄蜂交配。</span></p><p style="text-align:left;text-indent: 28px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">由于振动需要收缩胸腔，这会大量消耗体力，雌蜂可能把振动当做强壮和健康的标志。这对于蜂龄较长的雄蜂而言非常不利，因为它们缺乏产生长时间爆发脉冲的体力。</span></p><p style="text-align:left;text-indent: 28px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">关于雄蜂振动对于雌蜂择偶的重要性我们还知之甚少，但有证据表明，在很多情况下雌蜂可能会根据雄蜂的振动来筛选配偶。</span></p><p style="text-align:left;text-indent: 28px;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">由于雄蜂的胸腔振动会消耗大量能量，因此雌蜂很有可能会将其视为一种表达忠诚的信号。为验证这些观点就需要做些实验，在记录雄蜂交配前振动的同时，将他们的活力、健康程度和蜂龄等因素考虑在内。</span></p><p style="text-align:left;text-indent: 0em;"><br/></p></section></section></section><p></p><section><section><section><section><section><section><span style="font-size: 18px;font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">总结与展望</span></section></section></section></section><section><section><section><section><section><section><p style="text-indent:28px;"><span style="background-color: initial;caret-color: red;">本次试验结果则为蜂群的嗡嗡声提供了</span>全新解读。一<span style="background-color: initial;caret-color: red;">直以来，人们认为蜂群没有听觉系统，蜂群的嗡嗡声这类研究在很大程度上被忽视。然而，它们显然在通过感官来感知这些振动，而且通过进一步研究，我们可能会揭示更多蜂群使用胸腔振动来进行内部交流的秘密。</span></p></section></section></section></section></section></section></section></section><p></p><p><br/></p>      </div>
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